Maglev

System of train transport, levitated on tracks by magnetic forces, (stellarprojectsrussia.com) Issuser Address: GBNULBAGNNZQRD2DR2FLU5OMJ5SANIOJ4Q6BEWC5GWHU2NASQ7CPKCUE ICO On 17/01/2024 CB:80,000%

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Maglev or "magnetic levitation" is a system of train transportation that is levitated along a guideway through the use of magnetic forces. By levitating, these trains remove the typical rail-to-wheel contact used in conventional railways, eliminating resistance due to rolling

Compared to their conventional counterparts, maglev trains have several advantages, such as:
- higher top speeds
- superior acceleration and deceleration
- lower maintenance costs
- improved gradient handling
- less noise at equivalent speeds

Maglev technology is typically broken down into 2 major categories and separated by 2 speed classes:

- Electromagnetic suspension (EMS) = electronically controlled electromagnets in the train attract it to a magnetically conductive (usually steel) track
- Electrodynamic suspension (EDS) = uses superconducting electromagnets or strong permanent magnets that create a magnetic field, which induces currents in nearby metallic conductors when there is relative movement, which pushes and pulls the train towards the designed levitation position on the guide way

- low speed = 100–200 km/h (62–124 mph)
- high speed = 300–620 km/h (190–390 mph)

While the highest-recorded maglev speed is 603 km/h (375 mph), which was achieved in Japan in 2015, no commercial operation has been attempted at speeds over 500 km/h (310 mph), equivalent to the cruising speed of an airplane, creating a great alternative transportation source that is also more environmentally friendly 

SuperConductivity & Retrofitting

It should be noted that significantly increased speed and efficiency can happen when maglev technology is used with "evacuated (airless) tubes", removing air drag, such as the system proposed by Elon Musk's Hyperloop

A major downside to maglev systems is that they are currently much more expensive to build because their system is difficult to retrofit onto existing infrastructure, so often construction companies have to plan a 2nd routing carefully around a city's architecture. Nonetheless, in 2022 a Polish startup called Nevomo began constructing the world's 1st MagRail hybrid in order to conduct viability tests on Europe's longest test track for passive magnetic levitation. Before incorporating in 2017, Nevomo started in late 2015 as a student team taking part in the SpaceX Hyperloop Competition and have also won the BIM for Innovation prize at UAE's hyperloop competition

Furthermore, in ultralow temperatures (such as in select locations on earth or in space), superconductivity is a phenomenon where electrical resistance of certain metals falls to zero (for example: niobium-titanium adopts at -269 C). Once zero resistance is met, it is possible to apply a large electric current and create an extremely strong magnetic field. This superconducting magnet is the key technology that enables levitated travel at very high speeds. Simultaneously, car interiors are kept at a magnetic field equivalent to that found in ordinary living environments by shielding the superconducting magnets and coils

In Japan, JR Tokai is constructing a $64 billion SCMAGLEV (Superconducting Maglev) to cover the initial route between Tokyo and Nagoya and anticipates inaugurating service in 2027. When the Chuo Linear Shinkansen line begins operations, travel time between Tokyo and Nagoya will drop from 96 minutes to 40. Once completed, travel from Tokyo to Osaka on the Tokyo-Nagoya-Osaka route will reduce from 145-minute to 67 minutes

Maglev Aero

In August 2023, Boston startup Maglev Aero announced it is taking a radically different approach to distributed electric propulsion for new aircraft using its Hyperdrive system. It is currently conducting ground testing and anticipates creating a flying prototype in around 2025-2026

Maglev Aero’s technology builds on an existing VTOL aircraft concept known as an annular lift fan. However, unlike these small propellers powered by electric motors, MagLev Aero uses a pair of significantly larger, counter-rotating lift fans centered around the aircraft’s fuselage (forming a huge ring-shaped duct), which significantly reduces noise. The magnetic circle functions as a guide rail for the rim to which the blades are attached. As the bladed rim “levitates” inside that circular duct, it can spin without any mechanical friction

Maglev Aero also recently announced a partnership with GE Additive’s Addworks unit to develop additive manufacturing technologies and materials for the Hyperdrive. Hyperdrive uses electricity from the batteries to power electromagnetic propulsors in the outer rim, which use magnetic fields to control the spinning of the rotor, and can be scaled and adapted for integration with multiple new aircraft designs

Holding 21 patents for various aspects of the propulsion system, Maglev Aero has been operating in stealth mode since 2022 and has also filed more patents. Its co-founder and CEO is Ian Randall is an aerospace engineering graduate who previously worked on cloud computing apps and high-speed motorbikes. His father Rod Randall, the other co-founder and chair, has been active in the private equity sector after previously holding senior management roles at Bell Laboratories and Lucent Technologies

Next Space Race

JPL and SRI International are currently working on a project called Flexible Levitation on a Track (FLOAT) system, which essentially showcases the ability to float small robots over a platform and precisely control their movements using a form of maglev. As of 2023, scale-wise, the technology is still limited, however, the FLOAT team received a NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts (NIAC) grant to scale up the technology for the Moon

The Track consists of 2 necessary and a 3rd optional layer. The base layer is graphite, allowing robots to use a force called diamagnetic levitation to float above the track. A 2nd layer is a series of circuits that control the magnetic fields around the track, allowing users to push or stop carts that are moving along it. The optional 3rd layer is a series of solar panels that can collect solar energy in order to be able to self-sustain

For lunar logistical purposes, these floating robots would push carts around using the magnetized track itself – therefore no batteries nor computation logic is required, making the cart’s actual weight extremely light and allowing it to have more carrying capacity

Donut Cities

More ambitious ideas include the "Heaven and Earth" concept for floating cities using SCMAGLEV and a planet's own magnetic field. Concepts designed by Wei Zhao boast donut-shaped cities to accommodate not only humans but also forests with animals, mountains, and rivers while these supercities hover in air miles above ground. Essentially, these donut-cities would be gigantic magnetic aircraft that could also generate power for the city itself, such as SPACE CITY (https://t.me/stellarrussia/776)
and COSMOPOLIS (https://t.me/qazempire23/38)